Intellectual Property: Response to Question Essay

One’s claim over something that may be considered as intellectual property, such as software, is not automatically established upon the completion of the software. In this sense, there are steps that are required to be taken in order to gain proper claim over the software produced. There are two methods in attaining a copyright or a patent for a given software which may protect the intellectual property created; although there are differences in the scope, the length and ease of filing the application are present between the two (U.  S. Congress – Office of Technological Assessment [USC-OTA], 1990). Given that ownership to a certain software and having exclusive rights to its distribution and use requires patent or copyright application, then in the situation given wherein my uncle asked me to write a certain software and have not charged him for the services, the question is whether I have applied for either patent or copyright before giving a copy to my uncle. In this sense, if I have at least applied for a copyright, then my uncle’s actions of freely giving out copies of the software to his peers should be paid for, at the same time requiring my uncle to ask for my permission beforehand. However, if I simply made the software and give it to my uncle, then I should not be concerned if he gives copies of the software for his peers to use since I have no proper claim over the software and in a sense I have just given my uncle complete flexibility as to what may be done to the software. Possibly, one may not immediately consider a software to be his or her own intellectual property if the law or regulations are concerned. Of course, when disputes over intellectual property is considered, laws pertaining to it are most often used to resolve the issue. Therefore, considering that applying for copyright is relatively easily accomplished (USC-OTA, 1990), then if one believes that the software completed is worthwhile and useful then it would be best to apply for a copyright in order to lay claim over the intellectual property.

Little Red Riding Hood Essay

One of the funniest of all games played by Freudian literary critics is that of finding sex symbols in old fairy tales. It is a very easy game to play. Freud is said to have once remarked that a cigar sometimes is just a cigar, but psychoanalysts who write about fairy tales seem incapable of seeing them as just fantasies intended to entertain, instruct, and at times frighten young children. Bruno Bettelheim’s analysis of Little Red Riding Hood (LRRH), in his book The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales (1976) is a prime example of Freudian symbol searching. But first, a brief history of this famous fable. The story began as a folk tale that European mothers and nurses told to young children. The fable, in its many variants, came to the attention of Charles Perrault (1628-1703), a French attorney turned poet, writer, and anthologist. He published one version in a 1697 collection of fairy tales-a book that became a French juvenile classic. Perrault opens his story â€Å"Le Petit Chaperon Rouge† (Little Red Cape) by telling about a pretty village girl who is called Little Red Riding Hood because she loves to wear a red cape and hood given to her by her grandmother. Her mother hands her some biscuits and butter to take to the sick grandmother in a nearby village. Walking through a wood, LRRH encounters a friendly wolf who asks where she is going. After she tells him, the wolf says he’ll go there too, but by a different route and they’ll see who gets there first. The wolf arrives ahead of the girl, devours the grandmother, then crawls into bed. When LRRH shows up he simulates the grandmother’s voice, telling her to put the biscuits and butter aside and climb in bed. LRRJ undresses and does as she is told. A famous dialog follows: â€Å"What great arms you have, grandma! The better to embrace you, my child. ‘What great legs you have! The better to run with, my child. What great ears! The better to hear with. What great eyes! The better to see with. What great teeth! The better to eat you with. † The wolf then gobbles up LRRH and the story ends! I have been told, though I strongly doubt it, that French children find this ending amusing, and are not in the least disturbed by it. Andrew Lang, who reprinted Perrault’s version in his Blue Fairy Book, severely criticizes Perrault for choosing a version with such a gruesome ending. When the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm later published in 1812 their collection of more than 200 traditional fairy tales, many taken from Perrault, they gave the story a less grim ending. In their version (you’ll find it in the Modern Library’s Tales of Grimm and Andersen), LRRH’s mother gives her cake and a bottle of wine to take to the ailing grandmother. LRRH is not afraid of the wolf when she meets him in the forest. He persuades her to pick some flowers to rake to her grandmother. While she is doing this (disobeying her mother who told her not to dawdle) the wolf hastens to the grandmother’s house, finds the door unlocked, enters, and promptly eats the grandmother. When LRRH arrives she is surprised to find the door open. She thinks it is her grandmother in bed because the wolf has pulled a nightcap over his face, and sheets over his body. LRRH stands beside the bed while the familiar dialog occurs about the wolf’s body parts. The wolf then springs out of bed and eats LRRH. He now goes back to bed and falls asleep. A passing hunter hears the wolf’s loud snores. He goes inside to investigate and is about to shoot the wolf until he realizes it may have eaten the grandmother. So he pulls out a knife and cuts open the wolf’s belly. Both LRRH and the grandmother emerge as unharmed as Jonah when he was vomited out of the whale’s belly. LRRH brings some big stones into the house to put inside the wolf, who is still asleep. When he awakes and tries to get away, the heavy stones drag him down and he drops dead. The hunter skins the wolf and takes the skin home. The grandmother can hardly breathe, but she feels much better after eating the cake and drinking some wine. LRRH says to herself, â€Å"I will never again wander off into the forest as long as I live, when my mother forbids it. † The tale is short and simple. Its obvious moral is that children should obey their mothers when they walk through dangerous areas, and to beware of seemingly friendly strangers. I suppose it is the linking of LRRH’s beauty and innocence with her grisly experience that has led to her capturing the hearts of so many adults everywhere, especially in Germany, France, Sweden, and England. â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood was my first love,† declared Charles Dickens. I felt that if I could have married Little Red Riding Hood, I should have known perfect bliss. † Bruno Bettelheim devotes eighteen pages of his book on fairy tales to LRRH. [1] In his eyes the girl is not as innocent as she seems. She is at the nymphet stage when her premature â€Å"budding sexuality† is creating deep unconscious conflicts between her id (animal nature) and her superego (conscience), as well as between her allegiance to what Freud called the â€Å"pleasure principle† and the â€Å"reality principle. † Unconsciously, she wants to be seduced by her father. The wolf’s eating her represents that seduction. The red color of LRRH’s hood, according to Bettelheim, symbolizes her unconscious sexual desires. He sees the gift of the hood by the grandmother as representing a transfer of sexual attractiveness from an old sick woman to a young healthy girl. The grandmother is a symbol of the little girl’s mother. When the wolf ears the grandmother it represents the little girl’s wish to get rid of her mother so she can have her father all to herself. In Grimm’s version, Bettelheim sees the hunter as another father symbol. When he cuts open the wolf’s belly it indicates â€Å"the idea of pregnancy and birth,† thus coming â€Å"too close for comfort in suggesting a father in a sexual activity connected with his daughter. † Bettelheim, of course, is not the only Freudian to read dark sexual meanings into the story. Psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, in The Forgotten Language: An Introduction to the Understanding of Dreams, Fairy Tales, and Myths (1951) is also convinced that LRRH is experiencing unconscious sexual impulses and really wants to be seduced by the wolf. The red cape symbolizes her menstrual blood as she enters womanhood. When the mother warns her not to leave the path or she might fall and break the wine bottle, it represents the mother’s fear that her daughter might lose her virginity by breaking her maidenhead. â€Å"The male is portrayed as a ruthless and cunning animal,† Fromm writes. The sexual act becomes a â€Å"cannibalistic act in which the male devours the female. † Fromm sees this as an expression of a deep antagonism toward men by frigid females who do not enjoy sex. The male wolf is â€Å"made ridiculous† by showing â€Å"that he attempted to play the role of a pregnant woman, having living beings in his belly. The stones that LRRH puts in the wolf’s stomach are â€Å"symbols of sterility† that cause him to collapse and die. The stones â€Å"mock his usurpation of the pregnant woman’s role. â€Å" â€Å"The story,† Fromm concludes, â€Å"speaks of the male-female conflict; it is a story of triumph by man-hating women, ending with their victory, exactly the opposite of the Oedipus myth, which lets the male emerge victorious from this battle. † Jack Zipes, who teaches German at the University of Minnesota, is the author of The Brothers Grimm (1986), a two-volume edition of Grimm’s stories, a collection of French folk tales, and other books on folklore. One of his books is titled The Trials and Tribulations of Little Red Riding Hood (1983, updated in 1993). The book is a marvelous scholarly history of the LRRH fable and its many versions and interpretations. Zipes covers all the oral variations that preceded Perrault, as well as the many retellings by writers from the Grimm brothers to 1993. Some of the oral tales are even more morbid than Perrault’s version. In several versions the Wolf slices up the grandmother and pours her blood into a bottle. LRRH then eats and drinks what she thinks is meat and wine before the wolf eats her. In other versions LRRH escapes by telling the wolf she has to go outside to relieve herself. Thirty-eight variations of the tale are reprinted in Zipes’s anthology, along with a raft of illustrations from books and advertisements. At the back of the book he lists 147 published versions of the story, including retellings by Walter de la Mare and James Thurber, as well as comic parodies, poems, plays, recordings, musicals, and films. His bibliography of critical references runs to 153 items!

How to Be the Ideal Applicant to Online Colleges

Applying to an online college can be particularly nerve-wracking. It can be difficult to know what your chosen program expects, especially if you don’t know anyone who has â€Å"attended† the school. Some online colleges have relaxed admissions guidelines (i.e. everyone who applies is accepted, assuming they have a high school diploma or its equivalency). Other online programs are very selective and only accept the best of the best. Most virtual colleges fall somewhere in the middle. They’re looking for students who meet basic benchmarks such as a reasonably high GPA in previous coursework and well-written application essays. Being aware of these benchmarks ahead of time can help you prepare to apply. What Online Colleges are Looking For in Their Ideal Applicant A successful academic record. Online colleges want to know that accepted applicants will succeed in their classes, without any face-to-face encouragement. Applicants who have high-grade point averages in previous high school and college-level work show the most promise. Many virtual schools set minimum GPAs for incoming students. If your GPA is particularly low due to unusual circumstances (your aunt died and you adopted her child, mid-semester) make note of it somewhere on your application. Lower GPAs are sometimes overlooked when the applicant demonstrates other strengths. High test scores. Whether they require the SAT, ACT, GRE, or LSAT, your online program wants to test your current knowledge and your ability to learn. There are many test preparation programs and books available to help you study. If your first score is too low, you may be able to take the exams a second or third time. Extracurricular and professional activities. Online schools may not offer a vibrant campus lif e, but they do want students who will make a difference in their own communities. Volunteerism and leadership are particularly important. If you’re a mid-career professional, let the school know about your achievements related to your field of study. Whether you’ve spent your Saturdays at an animal shelter or run a successful internet venture, don’t be afraid to toot your own horn. Well-written essays. The application essay is your chance to let your personality show through. Online colleges are looking for articulate, thoughtful essays without grammatical mistakes. Let a professional proof-read your essay and offer suggestions. But, don’t let your voice get muted. Admissions officials want to â€Å"see† who you are by reading your essay – authenticity counts. Stellar recommendations. Online colleges also want to know how other people see you. That’s why many programs require several letters of recommendations. When deciding on recomm enders, choose people who know you well. Some colleges ask that recommendations remain confidential - if you’re not sure that person will give you an excellent recommendation, don’t ask. By meeting these basic application benchmarks, you’ll position yourself as the ideal applicant in the eyes of many online colleges. But, don’t forget to check with your chosen college’s applications counselors. Knowing their specific requirements is the best way to ensure that acceptance letter makes it to your mailbox.

Physical Psychology And Cross Cultural Psychology - 991 Words

This semester I was fortunate to volunteer at the Northern Virginia Family Services (NVAFS) head start school. NVAFS per-school is a none profit organization that helps families who cannot afford pre-school, and do not want their kids to be behind when starting kindergarten. The school is open from 6am-7pm (can be modified) because the families work long hours because they are of low income or single mothers. What I got to do was teach tennis to the kids and help out around the school. I was able to interact with the kids and their families. At NVVFS per-school I was not just able to understand what I wanted to pursue in the future, but also able to use my knowledge from my psychology coursework at Gorge Mason University. Two psychology coursework that helped me at NVAFS head start school this semester were abnormal psychology and cross-cultural psychology. At NVFS I got to teach tennis and help around the school. I was able to meet a 5 year old child who was being observed because the school psychologist believes he might have a learning disability and have ADHD. With the abnormal psychology I was able to see the symptoms he was demonstrating that he might have a learning disability and ADHD. In my abnormal psychology class we learned that you cannot diagnosis a child as young as 4 because kids because at the age all kids are hyperactive and it might be misdiagnose. According to the DSM-5 children cannot be diagnosis of ADHD until they are 6 years old. Therefore evenShow MoreRelatedThree Disciplines1097 Words   |  5 Pagesways, but if I had to choose between anthropology, psychology, and sociology, I would have to choose psychology. 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Finally, the application of the model within and outside psychology will be evaluated to show support that the FFM provides a solid foundation for an adequate personality psychology. â€Å"The Five Factor Model provides a compelling framework for building personality measures that seek to represent the domain of individual Read MoreCollege Degree At The University Of Iowa811 Words   |  4 Pagescounseling. After the course, I decided to keep exploring my interests in this field and I was informed that the best major for me would be psychology which later became life-time career goal! At that time, I believed I would be a mental health counselor, so I found an internship in Iowa that was to take care of an individual with severe disabilities by providing physical supports as well as consultation. Last summer, I passed the beginning mental health counselor test and acquired the certificate in ChinaRead MoreSocial Psychology : A Unique Subfield Of Psychology1474 Words   |  6 PagesSocial psychology is a unique subfield of psychology. The history of the psychology dates back in 387 BC when Plato had inferred that the human brain is a device comprising of mental structures. Charles Darwin coined the theory of evolution called â€Å"Survival of the Fittest† when he disseminated his On the Origin of Species in 1859. Many other names have made major contributions in the field of psychology. However, it was Leon Festinger, in 1957, who propositioned his postulation of â€Å" Cognitive

Personal Academic Goals Essay - 693 Words

Personal Academic Goals Life is a continual learning process, which requires a strong method to develop better ways of apprenticeship. Personally, being able to obtain a higher education gives me an opportunity to be better in many ways. Everyone should have any personal goals in life in order to survive, prosper and succeed in every journey that life gives. As for me, being a University of Phoenix student, I hope to achieve all of my goals on which I have been trying to pursue and obtain through the years. They are goals that I believe I need to have to be a successful member of the society, and through attending the university I also hope to gain a more positive image of myself, build my personal growth, along with achieving†¦show more content†¦As for my employer, my leaders have every intention to encourage me to align my personal life, which is school, with my professional life. 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Formation Of Customary International Law â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Formation And Evidence Of Customary International Law? Answer: Introducation Aggression is considered as concept under which one state use the armed forces against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another state. However, it also includes use of armed forces in any other way which is not consistent with the charter of United Nations as stated in the definition. It must be noted that first use of armed forces by any state in terms of contravention of Charter shall be considered as prima facie evidence of an act of aggression. Below stated acts can be considered as act of aggression except declaration of war: Bombardment done by the armed forces of one state against another state territory or weapons used by the armed forces of one state against the another state territory. Ports and coasts of the one state are blocked by the armed forces of another state. Any attack on the land, sea, air force, or marine of one state by the armed forces of another state. Any invasion or attack done by the armed forces of one state against another state territory. It also includes military occupation because of such invasion or attack. If one state allow its temtory, which is placed at the disposal of another state, and that temtory is used by another state for the purpose of preparing act of aggression against the third state. Sending by or on behalf of the state of armed bands or groups which indulge in the activities of armed forces against other state and such acts results in above stated acts (UN document, 1974). International humanitarian law is considered as the law which regulates the conduct of states engaged in war (known as jus in Bello). It is considered as that branch of international law which prevent the effects of war by protecting those person who are not participating in the war, and it also protect the non-participants by restricting the means which are available to combatants. This law mainly focus on humanity and reducing the sufferings of human. This law is binding on those nations which are bound by appropriate treaties. Some other rules of war are also there which were not written and these rules were explored at the time of Nuremberg War Trials. At the time of extension both permissive rights and prohibitions on conduct of armed forces are imposed even though they are dealing with irregular forces and non-signatories. Rules of IHL are applicable on strict basis in case of international armed conflict and internal armed conflict (ICRC, 2002). It must be noted that rules stated in the treaties are considered as part of customary law and these rules are binding on all states and also on the other parties to the conflict also, no matter sate ratified treaties themselves or not. Additional various rules stated by customary international law are applicable in case of international and non-international armed conflicts. Protection in context of non-international armed conflicts is regulated by common article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II. Therefore, international humanitarian law is applicable on armed forces of alliance ten nations (UN organization, n.d.). It is considered as long-standing rule stated by customary international law in Article 3 of the 1907 Hague Convention (IV), and this rule is repeated in Article 91 of Additional Protocol I, that state bears the responsibility of any act committed by the person who is the part of its armed forces. This rule is considered as application of the general rule which states that state is responsible for international wrongful acts, and state is also for the behavior of its organs. It must be noted that, state is responsible for the breach of the provisions of international humanitarian law, and these violations include: Violations done by the organs of state which also includes its armed forces. Violations done by persons and or entities which has power to exercise the elements related to government authority. Violations done by persons and groups who are acting as per the instructions and directions of the state. In other words, those persons or groups who are under the control of state. Violations done by private persons or groups which acknowledges and adopt its own conduct (ICRC, 2017). Because of above stated facts state practice make rule under customary international law related to violations of IHL, and this rule is applicable in both international and non-international armed conflicts (Sassoli, 2002). Therefore, in present case also 10 alliance nations are responsible for breach of violations. International law sources includes treaties, international customs, general principles of law which are recognized by civil nations, etc. some treaties are generated from the codifying existing customary law such as law governing the global commons and also Jus ad bellum. However, the main aim of customary law is to establish the code of general application, and its effectiveness is completely depend on the number of states which ratify that particular convention. It must be noted that few of these instruments have sufficient number of parties which entitled international law. Treaties and customary international law are considered as different but important lawmaking process. It must be noted that these process are not so much different in terms of compliance and enforcement. In fact state practice does not show the difference between the creation of customary law and treaty. Difference between the two can be understood as, customary law is considered as general practices which are accepted as law and treaties are those principles which permit the set of exclusion and agenda control devices which are not present in the customary law (Meyer, 2015). Customary international law is defined in Article 38(1) (b) by international Court of Justice as evidence related to general practice which is accepted as law. Usually, customary law is defined through two factors that is general principles defined as states and what is accepted by state as law. There are different types of customary law which are recognized by state as law. Therefore, customary law is not recognized as doctrine of natural approach but it is considered as evidence of pre-existing legal rules (UFRGS, 2013). On 20th December 1989 almost 27000 U.S. troops invaded the small country established in Central American country of Panama. As expected, most powerful armed force of the world defeated the 3000 soldiers of Panama Defense Force (PDF). Country was raked by AH-64 Apache helicopter by both bases of military and working class communities. This fight was lasted for few days. Generally, invaders called this Operation Just Cause. Reason given by U.S. president for this invasion was too familiar, as he stated that this invasion removes the evil dictator General Manuel Noriega as he brutalizing his own people. Rights were acquired by United States for the purpose of building and operate Panama Canal in the first years of 20th Treaty named as Hay-Herrn was negotiated between the Columbia and United Nation which allowed the United Nation to exercise their rights on the land surrounding planned Canal. Ratification of this treaty was refused by senate of Columbia, but at that time Panama was in the process of seceding from Colombia. Therefore, cause of Panamanian independence for Canal was supported by President Theodore Roosevelt. After his support, treaty named as Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed by the United States on 8th November 1903. This treaty establish permanent US rights to Panama Canal representative of Panamanian named as Phillippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla entered into negotiations without taking formal consent from the Panamanian government, and he had not reside in Panama for 17 years. In 1914, Canal was opened, but still there were number of Panamanians which put question mark on the validity of the treaty (Office of the Historian, n.d.). Treaty can be void if following provisions are not compiled with the USA: United States does not construct any new Canal in the territory of the republic of Panama. USA does not enter into any negotiations with the third states for the purpose of constructing canal. Upon the termination of this treaty following factors must be considered by both the governments: After the termination of this treaty complete responsibility of the Canal was shifted on the republic of panama such as responsibilities related to maintenance, management, and operation of the Canal. However such responsibilities must be free from the liens and debts, except as the two Parties may otherwise agree. United States transfer all the right, title and interest possessed by United States of America in respect to all real property of Canal to the Republic of Panama. However, it also includes non-removable improvements (US department of state, n.d.). References: ICRC, (2002). The Law of Armed Conflict. Viewed at: https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/law10_final.pdf. Accessed on 27th September 2017. ICRC, (2017). CUSTOMARY IHL. Viewed at: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_cha_chapter42_rule149. Accessed on 27th September 2017. Meyer, T. (2015). AJIL Unbound. Viewed at: https://www.asil.org/blogs/how-different-are-treaties-and-modern-customary-international-law-response-verdier-and-voeten. Accessed on 27th September 2017. Office of the Historian. The Panama Canal and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties. Viewed at: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/panama-canal. Accessed on 27th September 2017. Sassoli, M. (2002). State responsibility for violations of international humanitarian law. Viewed at: https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/401_434_sassoli.pdf. Accessed on 27th September 2017. US department of State. Panama Canal Treaty of 1977. Viewed at: https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/wha/rlnks/11936.htm. Accessed on 27th September 2017. UFRGS, (2013). Formation and evidence of customary international law. Viewed at: https://www.ufrgs.br/ufrgsmun/2013/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Formation-and-Evidence-of-Customary-International-Law.pdf. Accessed on 27th September 2017. UN Documents, (1974). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. Viewed at: https://www.un-documents.net/a29r3314.htm#fn3. Accessed on 27th September 2017. UN organizations. War Crimes. Viewed at: https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.html. Accessed on 27th September 2017.

Managerial Economics Research Paper Example

Managerial Economics Paper Managerial economics is a science that deals with the application of various economics theories, principles, concepts and techniques to business management in order to solve business and management problems It deals with the practical application of economic theory and methodology to decision-making problems faced by private, public and non profit making organizations.. In the words of Spencer and Seigelman Managerial Economics is the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision making and forward planning by the management. Scope of Managerial Economics The term scope indicates the area of study, boundaries, subject matter and width of a subject. Business economics is comparatively a new and upcoming subject. The following topics are covered in this subject :- 1) Objectives of a firm :- Profit maximization has been considered as the main objective of a business unit in olden days, but in the context of present day business environment ,many new objectives have come to the fore. Today, there are multiple objectives and they are multi dimensional in nature. Some of them are competitive while others are supplementary in nature. There are economic, social, organizational, human and national goals. There are managerial and behavioral theories. We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Economics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2) Demand Analysis and Forecasting :-A firm is basically a producing unit. It produce different kinds of goods and services. It has to meet the requirement of consumers in the market. The basic problems of what to produce where to produce, for whom to produce, how to produce and how to distribute them in the market are to be answered by a firm. 3) Production and Cost Analysis :-Production implies transformation of inputs into outputs. It may be either in physical or monetary terms. Maximization of outputs is one of the basic goals of a firm. Production analysis deals with production function, laws of return, returns to scale, economies of scale etc. Maximization of output with minimum cost is the basic slogan of any firm. 4) Pricing Decisions, Policies and Practices :- Pricing Decision is related to fixing the prices of goods and services. This depends on the pricing policy and practices adopted by a firm. Price setting is one of the most important policies of a firm. The amount of revenue, the level of income and above all the volume of profit earned by a firm directly depend on its pricing decisions. 5) Profit Management :-A firm is basically a commercial or business unit. Consequently, the success or failure of it is measured in terms of the amount of profit it is able to earn in a competitive market. Under profit management, one has to study various theories of profit, emergence of profit, functions of profit and its measurement, etc. 6) Capital Management :-It is another crucial area of business. Success of any business depends on adequate capital investment and its proper management. Under capital management, one has to study capital requirement, methods of capital mobilization, capital budgeting, optimal allocation of capital, selection of highly profitable project cost, cost of capital, return on capital, planning and control of capital expenditure etc. 7) Linear Programming and Theory of Games :-The term linear means that the relationships handled are the same as those represented but straight lines and programming implies systematic planning or decision-making. It offers actual numerical solution to the problems of making optimum choices. It involves either maximization of profits or minimization of costs. 8) Market Structure and Conditions :-The knowledge of market structure and conditions existing in various kinds of markets are of great importance in any business. The number of sellers and buyers, the nature, extent and degree of competition etc. determines the nature of policies to be adopted by a firm in the market. 9) Strategic Planning :-It provides a framework on which long term decisions can be mad which have an impact on the behavior of the firm. The firm sets certain long term goals and objectives and selects the strategy to achieve the same. It is now a new addition to the scope of business economics with the emergence of MNCs. 10) Others Areas :-Macro economic management of the country relating to economic system, Impact of Liberalization, globalization, etc.